面向 Web 开发人员的 58 个 JavaScript 技巧

本文最后更新于 4 年前，文中所描述的信息可能已发生改变。

作为程序员，编写代码也需要大量的写作技巧。好的代码可以让人耳目一新、通俗易懂、舒适自然，同时又充满成就感。因此，整理了一些近三年使用过的JS开发技巧，希望能让大家写出耳目一新、通俗易懂、舒适自然的代码。

字符串技巧

1: Compare time

const time1 = "2022-03-02 09:00:00";
const time2 = "2022-03-02 09:00:01";
const overtime = time1 < time2;
// overtime => true

2: Format money

const ThousandNum = num => num.toString().replace(/\B(?=(\d{3})+(?!\d))/g, ",");
const money = ThousandNum(1000000);
// money => '1,000,000'

3: Generate random ID

const RandomId = len => Math.random().toString(36).substr(3, len);
const id = RandomId(10);
// id => "xdeguewg1f"

4: Generate random HEX color values

const RandomColor = () => "#" + Math.floor(Math.random() * 0xffffff).toString(16).padEnd(6, "0");
const color = RandomColor();
// color => "#2cbf89"

5: Generate star ratings

const StartScore = rate => "★★★★★☆☆☆☆☆".slice(5 - rate, 10 - rate);
const start = StartScore(3);
// start => '★★★☆☆'

6: URL query parameters

const params = new URLSearchParams(location.search.replace(/\?/ig, "")); // location.search = "?name=test&sex=man"
params.has("test"); // true
params.get("sex"); // "man"

数字技巧

7: Arrangement

const num1 = ~~1.19;
const num2 = 2.29 | 0;
const num3 = 3.09 >> 0;
// num1 num2 num3 => 1 2 3

8: Zero padding

const FillZero = (num, len) => num.toString().padStart(len, "0");
const num = FillZero(1234, 5);
// num => "01234"

9: Revolution value

const num1 = +null;
const num2 = +"";
const num3 = +false;
const num4 = +"169";
// num1 num2 num3 num4 => 0 0 0 169

10: Timestamp

const timestamp = +new Date("2022-03-22");
// timestamp => 1647907200000

11: Exact decimal

const RoundNum = (num, decimal) => Math.round(num * 10 ** decimal) / 10 ** decimal;
const num = RoundNum(1.2345, 2);
// num => 1.23

12: Parity

const OddEven = num => !!(num & 1) ? "odd" : "even";
const num = OddEven(2);
// num => "even"

13: Take min max

const arr = [0, 1, 2, 3];
const min = Math.min(...arr);
const max = Math.max(...arr);
// min max => 0 3   (0, 1, 2, 3)

14: Generate range random numbers

const RandomNum = (min, max) => Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1)) + min;
const num = RandomNum(1, 10); // 5

布尔技巧

15: Short-circuit operator

const a = d && 1; // Fake operation, judge from left to right, return a false value when encountering a false value, and no longer execute it later, otherwise return the last true value
const b = d || 1; // Take the true operation, judge from left to right, return the true value when encountering the true value, and do not execute it later, otherwise return the last false value
const c = !d; // Returns false if a single expression converts to true, otherwise returns true

16: Determine the data type

可确定的类型：undefined、null、string、number、boolean、array、object、symbol、date、regexp、function、asyncfunction、arguments、set、map、weakset、weakmap

function DataType(tgt, type) {
    const dataType = Object.prototype.toString.call(tgt).replace(/\[object (\w+)\]/, "$1").toLowerCase();
    return type ? dataType === type : dataType;
}

DataType("test"); // "string"
DataType(20220314); // "number"
DataType(true); // "boolean"
DataType([], "array"); // true
DataType({}, "array"); // false

17: Check if array is empty

const arr = [];
const flag = Array.isArray(arr) && !arr.length;
// flag => true

18: Execute when conditions are met

const flagA = true; // Condition A
const flagB = false; // Condition B
(flagA || flagB) && Func(); // Execute when A or B is satisfied
(flagA || !flagB) && Func(); // Execute when A is satisfied or B is not satisfied
flagA && flagB && Func(); // Execute when both A and B are satisfied
flagA && !flagB && Func(); // Execute when A is satisfied and B is not satisfied

19: Executed if non-false

const flag = false; // undefined、null、""、0、false、NaN
!flag && Func();

20: Executed when the array is not empty

const arr = [0, 1, 2];
arr.length && Func();

21: Executed when the object is not null

const obj = {a: 0, b: 1, c: 2};
Object.keys(obj).length && Func();

数组技巧

22: Clone array

const _arr = [0, 1, 2];
const arr = [..._arr];
// arr => [0, 1, 2]

23: Merge array

const arr1 = [0, 1, 2];
const arr2 = [3, 4, 5];
const arr = [...arr1, ...arr2];
// arr => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

24: Deduplicated array

const arr = [...new Set([0, 1, 1, null, null])];
// arr => [0, 1, null]

25: Obfuscated array

const arr = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].slice().sort(() => Math.random() - .5);
// arr => [3, 4, 0, 5, 1, 2]

26: Empty an array

const arr = [0, 1, 2];
arr.length = 0;
// arr => []

27: Truncate array

const arr = [0, 1, 2];
arr.length = 2;
// arr => [0, 1]

28: Exchange assignment

let a = 0;
let b = 1;
[a, b] = [b, a];
// a b => 1 0

29: Filter empty values

Empty values: undefined,null,””,0,false,NaN

const arr = [undefined, null, "", 0, false, NaN, 1, 2].filter(Boolean);
// arr => [1, 2]

30: Insert member at the beginning of the array

let arr = [1, 2];
arr.unshift(0);
arr = [0].concat(arr);
arr = [0, ...arr];
// arr => [0, 1, 2]

31: Insert members at the end of the array

let arr = [0, 1];
arr.push(2);
arr.concat(2);
arr[arr.length] = 2;
arr = [...arr, 2];
// arr => [0, 1, 2]

32: Count number of array members

const arr = [0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2];
const count = arr.reduce((t, v) => {
    t[v] = t[v] ? ++t[v] : 1;
    return t;
}, {});
// count => { 0: 1, 1: 2, 2: 3 }

33: Destructuring nested array members

const arr = [0, 1, [2, 3, [4, 5]]];
const [a, b, [c, d, [e, f]]] = arr;
// a b c d e f => 0 1 2 3 4 5

34: Destructuring array member aliases

const arr = [0, 1, 2];
const {0: a, 1: b, 2: c} = arr;
// a b c => 0 1 2

35: Destructuring array member default value

const arr = [0, 1, 2];
const [a, b, c = 3, d = 4] = arr;
// a b c d => 0 1 2 4

36: Get random array member

const arr = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const randomItem = arr[Math.floor(Math.random() * arr.length)];
// randomItem => 1

37: Create an array of specified length

const arr = [...new Array(3).keys()];
// arr => [0, 1, 2]

38: Creates an array of the specified length and equal values

const arr = new Array(3).fill(0);
// arr => [0, 0, 0]

对象技巧

39: Clone object

const _obj = {a: 0, b: 1, c: 2};
const obj = {..._obj};
const obj = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(_obj));
// obj => { a: 0, b: 1, c: 2 }

40: Merge objects

const obj1 = {a: 0, b: 1, c: 2};
const obj2 = {c: 3, d: 4, e: 5};
const obj = {...obj1, ...obj2};
// obj => { a: 0, b: 1, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5 }

41: Object Variable Properties

const flag = false;
const obj = {
    a: 0,
    b: 1,
    [flag ? "c" : "d"]: 2
};
// obj => { a: 0, b: 1, d: 2 }

42: Create a pure empty object

const obj = Object.create(null);
Object.prototype.a = 0;
// obj => {}

43: Delete object useless properties

const obj = {a: 0, b: 1, c: 2};
const {a, ...rest} = obj;
// rest => { b: 1, c: 2 }

44: Destructuring object property nesting

const obj = {a: 0, b: 1, c: {d: 2, e: 3}};
const {c: {d, e}} = obj;
// d e => 2 3

45: Destructuring object property aliases

const obj = {a: 0, b: 1, c: 2};
const {a, b: d, c: e} = obj;
// a d e => 0 1 2

46: Destructuring object property default values

const obj = {a: 0, b: 1, c: 2};
const {a, b = 2, d = 3} = obj;
// a b d => 0 1 3

函数技巧

47: Function self-execution

const Func = function () {
}(); // Commonly used
(function () {
})(); // Commonly used
(function () {
}()); // Commonly used
[function () {
}()];

+function () {
}();

-function () {
}();
~function () {
}();
!function () {
}();
new function () {
};
new function () {
}();
void function () {
}();
typeof function () {
}();
delete function () {
}();
1, function () {
}();
1 ^ function () {
}();
1 > function () {
}();

48: One-time function

适合运行一些只需要执行一次的初始化代码，如：

function Func() {
    console.log("x");
    Func = function () {
        console.log("y");
    }
}

49: Lazy loading functions

当函数中的复杂判断分支越来越多时，可以大大节省资源开销，可以使用闭包来实现。

function Func() {
    if (a === b) {
        console.log("x");
    } else {
        console.log("y");
    }
}

// replace with
function Func() {
    if (a === b) {
        Func = function () {
            console.log("x");
        }
    } else {
        Func = function () {
            console.log("y");
        }
    }
    return Func();
}

50: Detect non-null parameters

function IsRequired() {
    throw new Error("param is required");
}

function Func(name = IsRequired()) {
    console.log("I Love " + name);
}

Func(); // "param is required"
Func("You"); // "I Love You"

51: String creation function

const Func = new Function("name", "console.log(\"I Love \" + name)");

52: Handle error messages gracefully

try {
    Func();
} catch (e) {
    location.href = "https://stackoverflow.com/search?q=[js]+" + e.message;
}

53: Handle `Async/Await` parameters gracefully

function AsyncTo(promise) {
    return promise.then(data => [null, data]).catch(err => [err]);
}

const [err, res] = await AsyncTo(Func());

54: Handle multiple function return values gracefully

function Func() {
    return Promise.all([
        fetch("/user"),
        fetch("/comment")
    ]);
}

const [user, comment] = await Func();

DOM技巧

55: Show all DOM borders

[].forEach.call($$("*"), dom => {
    dom.style.outline = "1px solid #" + (~~(Math.random() * (1 << 24))).toString(16);
});

56: Responsive pages

页面基于设计图但需要适配多个模型，元素大小使用rem设置

function AutoResponse(width = 750) {
    const target = document.documentElement;
    target.clientWidth >= 600
        ? (target.style.fontSize = "80px")
        : (target.style.fontSize = target.clientWidth / width * 100 + "px");
}

57: Filter XSS

function FilterXss(content) {
    let elem = document.createElement("div");
    elem.innerText = content;
    const result = elem.innerHTML;
    elem = null;
    return result;
}

58: Access LocalStorage

const love = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("love"));
localStorage.setItem("love", JSON.stringify("I Love You"));

字符串技巧 ​

1: Compare time ​

2: Format money ​

3: Generate random ID ​

4: Generate random HEX color values ​

5: Generate star ratings ​

6: URL query parameters ​

数字技巧 ​

7: Arrangement ​

8: Zero padding ​

9: Revolution value ​

10: Timestamp ​

11: Exact decimal ​

12: Parity ​

13: Take min max ​

14: Generate range random numbers ​

布尔技巧 ​

15: Short-circuit operator ​

16: Determine the data type ​

17: Check if array is empty ​

18: Execute when conditions are met ​

19: Executed if non-false ​

20: Executed when the array is not empty ​

21: Executed when the object is not null ​

数组技巧 ​

22: Clone array ​

23: Merge array ​

24: Deduplicated array ​

25: Obfuscated array ​

26: Empty an array ​

27: Truncate array ​

28: Exchange assignment ​

29: Filter empty values ​

30: Insert member at the beginning of the array ​

31: Insert members at the end of the array ​

32: Count number of array members ​

33: Destructuring nested array members ​

34: Destructuring array member aliases ​

35: Destructuring array member default value ​

36: Get random array member ​

37: Create an array of specified length ​

38: Creates an array of the specified length and equal values ​

对象技巧 ​

39: Clone object ​

40: Merge objects ​

41: Object Variable Properties ​

42: Create a pure empty object ​

43: Delete object useless properties ​

44: Destructuring object property nesting ​

45: Destructuring object property aliases ​

46: Destructuring object property default values ​

函数技巧 ​

47: Function self-execution ​

48: One-time function ​

49: Lazy loading functions ​

50: Detect non-null parameters ​

51: String creation function ​

52: Handle error messages gracefully ​

53: Handle Async/Await parameters gracefully ​

54: Handle multiple function return values gracefully ​

DOM技巧 ​

55: Show all DOM borders ​

56: Responsive pages ​

57: Filter XSS ​

58: Access LocalStorage ​